The macabre fascination in Rubens’s arresting image of Medusa lies in the tension between attraction and repulsion. Emotions oscillate between delight in the vestiges of beauty remaining on the victim’s face and disgust at the hyper-realistic entanglement of grisly snakes and bursting arteries. The contradictory reactions it arouses are vividly encapsulated by the Flemish statesman, Humanist, and poet Constantijn Huygens. In his autobiographical account from 1629, he describes his first impression of Head of Medusa which he encountered at the house of an Antwerp merchant:

According to Ovid, Medusa was the most beautiful of Phorcys’s three daughters and was greatly admired for her hair. One day, an enamoured Neptune violated her in the sacred Temple of Minerva, provoking the goddess to transform Medusa’s prized tresses into a loathsome crown of snakes as punishment. Thereafter, anyone who gazed at Medusa’s hideous visage would turn into a stone. However, the cunning Perseus, using the reflection on his mirror-like shield as a guide, followed and decapitated her while she lay asleep. Subsequently, her head would become a resourceful weapon in his heroic adventures until he presented it to Minerva for the decoration of the aegis.

Unlike popular apotropaic depictions of Medusa on a shield or breastplate—like Caravaggio's iconic version at the Uffizi—Rubens places the brutally decapitated head on a precipice set against an ominous, nondescript void. Here, it lies haphazardly on the ground, as if it had just been freshly severed by Perseus’s sword; the oblique view exposes the stump of the neck in all its gore. Rubens intensifies the violence of this sparse landscape by incorporating two vipers caught in the act of a deadly mating ritual, and a scattering of flesh-hungry snakes. Elsewhere, spiders, a lizard, and a two-headed amphisbaena add to the chaos.

Perseus is obviously absent, leaving the narrative moment vague; however, the dry terrain evokes the poet’s account of the hero’s journey over the Libyan desert, during which droplets of blood, upon touching the sand, morph into snakes. The minimalist narration directs the viewer’s attention to the grey-green pallor of Medusa’s skin, the silent scream emanating from her gaping mouth, and the downward gaze of her bloodshot eyes toward the coagulating mass of surging arteries and snakes. The outcome is a portrait whose vivid expressiveness, verisimilitude, and virtuosic technique are indeed “unforgettable,” to quote Huygens.

This text is excerpted from Early Rubens, edited by Kirk Nickel and Sasha Suda and published in 2019 by the Art Gallery of Ontario and DelMonico Books • Prestel.

Learn more about Early Rubens at the Legion of Honor.

Further Reading

• Anne T. Wolleett in Anne T. Woollett and Ariane van Suchtelen, Rubens and Brueghel: A Working Friendship (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Trust, 2006), 182, exh. cat. no. 24.